Vol. 25 No. 4 (2012)
Articles
Abstract: Abstract: The various types of descriptors such as ionization energy, molecular hardness, electrophilicity, frontier molecular orbital energies together with electron densities of each atom for the optimized geometries of the molecule of different polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were estimated by employing on ab-initio method expressed by Hartree – Fock (HF) model performed at the (3-21G) level of theory. After that these theoretical parametrs were related to the activity carcinogenity of these compounds as carcinogenic agents. The results showed that two factors can be related to carcinogenity of these compounds; the first one is the carbon atoms of low electron densities (i.e the position of electrophilic atoms), the second is the hardness of these compounds. We have also used electron density to highlight the possible strengths of interactions of PAHs with DNA of living cells. On the bases that the main metabolic pathway for activation of these compounds involves formation of bay-region diol epoxide, then, the benzylic carbocations generated from these electrophilic diol epoxide by opening of the epoxide ring are capable of forming covalent adducts with the nucleophilic site in DNA which represent the main factors of carcinogenity of these compounds since adduct is accepted as a critical step in the mechanism by which (PAHs) can cause a genetic mutation resulting inductions of cancer.
Abstract: Abstract The study including preparation of Schiff's Bases compounds, Benzylidine p-toluenesulphonamide (I), p-nitrobenzylidine-p-toluenesulphonamide (II), 1,6-dichlorobenz-ylidine p-toluenesulphonamide (III), 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidine p-toluenesulphonamide (IV) and have been studied by U.V spectrophotometry in absolute methanol which gives bands at (236 nm) for compound (I), (266 nm) for compound (II), (236 & 304nm) for compound (III) and (236, 274 & 308nm) for compound (IV). The direct determination limit was estimated through the plot of the molar concentration against the absorbance and R2, RSD and max for each was calculated.
Abstract: Abstract In this paper the synthesis of some substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles , 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles starting from amino acid and benzoyl chloride is reported. Treatment of glycine or alanine with benzoyl chloride in presence of sodium carbonate gave keto-acid(1,2), which were converted to oxazolinone (3,4) by their reaction with acetic anhydride. Oxazolinone (3,4) were treated with hydrazine hydrate to give acid hydrazides (5,6). Acid hydrazides were converted to substituted thiosemi- carbazides (7,8) by their reaction with phenyl isothiocyanate. Substituted thiosemicarbazides (7,8) were treated with sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulphuric acid give substituted 1,2,4-triazoles (9,10), 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (11,12) respectively while treatment of (7) with mercuric oxide gave 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (13). Treatment of triazoles (9,10) with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde gave substituted triazoles (14,15). 1-Substituted thiosemicarbazide (16) was obtained from acid hydrazide (5), cyclized with sodium hydroxide to 5-Substituted-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (17). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by physical and spectral means.
Abstract: Abstract: Indium metal is reacted with dipyrrolidine disulfide (C4H8NCS2)2 in refluxing toluene, to give the compound [In(C4H8NCS2)3] through an oxidative addition reaction. Trinuclear complexes of the general formula [In(C4H8NCS2)3 (MCl2)2] were prepared by the direct reaction of metal salt with the above indium compound. Additives of the new complexes with bipyridyl have been synthesized by the direct reaction between of the trinuclear complexes and the neutral ligand. The prepared compounds, complexes and adducts were characterized by using electric spectra, IR, electrical conductivity measurements, magnetic measurements, metal contents and CHN microanalysis. The electronic spectra study and magnetic moment measurements indicate that Mn(II), Cu(II), Sn(II) complexes have tetrahedral geometry while their adducts have octahedral geometry and that, the Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes have square planer geometry and their adducts have octahedral geometry.
Abstract: Abstract A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of sulfacetamide and sulfamethaxazole. The method is based on the reaction of these drugs in aqueous solution with tetracyanoethylene reagent in the presence of sodium bicarbonate to produce yellow colored species measured at 355 and 356 nm for sulfacetamide and sulfamethaxazole respectively. Beer's law obeyed over the concentration range1-30 and 1-25 µg ml-1 with molar absorpitivity of 10575 and 13146 L.mol-1.cm-1 and sandell index of 0.0240 and 0.0192 μg.cm-2 for the above drugs respectively. It was found that these products were formed in ratio of 1:1. The method was applied successfully to the assay of sulfacetamide and sulfamethaxazole in their pharmaceutical formulations and was agreed well with the certified values and with standard addition procedure.
Abstract: Abstract A series of new complexes of the type [M(L1)Cl2] , [M(L2)Cl2] and [M΄(L1)(Th)2] where L1=2,3-di-(2΄-thiophenoyloxy) aniline, L2=3,4-di-(2΄-thiophenoyloxy)aniline, M=Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Cd+2 and Hg+2, M΄= Ni+2, Cu+2, Zn+2 and Cd+2, Th=thiophene carboxylate. The complexes were prepared and characterized by molar conductance, IR, UV/vis spectra studies, magnetic measurements and metal content analysis. Conductivity data in DMF for complexes (1-12) and DMSO for complexes (13-16) showed that all complexes are non-electrolyte. Magnetic moment and electronic spectra indicate that some of the complexes contain a tetrahedral and the other have octahedral environment.
Abstract: Abstract: The effect of He-Ne laser irradiation at the wave length 632.8 nm on the viscosity and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of normal blood and ringer solution were studied in vitro. The result of the study showed that 3mW laser irradiation of 5 mm spot diameter reduced the viscosity and increased the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of irradiated blood and ringer solution samples as compared to the un irradiated control value and this change was obvious at 90 minutes of exposure. Thus, the effect of He-Ne laser irradiation depends on irradiation duration.
Abstract: Abstract Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films with different substrate temperatures were prepared on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique. XRD patterns indicated the presence of single- phase hexagonal CdS. UV-VIS spectra of the films in the spectral region from 300 nm to 900 nm were studied using the optical transmittance measurements which were taken. The direct band gap energy of the films was found to be increasing from 2.44 to 2.45 eV with increased substrate temperature from 325 to 375 C. The electrical conductivity of the films was found to be increase as the substrate temperature. The annealing effect in air increases the dark conductivity while the activation energy decreased.
Abstract: Abstract: The influence of mode suppression ratio on the dynamics of semiconductor laser will be investigated in this paper, especially in a high bit rate optical communication. An optical communication network of fiber length of 50 km was established, with semiconductor laser modulated at 10(Gbps). Mode suppression ratio of more than 20 dB was an optimum value for a laser diode to be considered as a single mode laser. We have taken into account in this study the following factors namely; the number of longitudinal modes, the relative intensity noise, laser mode linewidth, and chirping. The result showed that, the quality factor and bit error rates were affected by the mode suppression ratio. Relative intensity noise of (-100 dB/Hz) had an extreme drop in the received power and more fluctuations were found in the power output spectra. Intramodal distortion was observed in the optical layout system when chirping was considered in the laser characteristic.
Abstract: Abstract Rainfall was studied in four locations in Ninava Governorate which are Mosul, Sinjar and Talafar and Rabea for the period (1974 – 2002). The Mean Monthly, Seasonally and Annual values of Rainfall, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation and Time Series for rainfall was studied during there periods in all locations. Simple and Multiple correlations were found between mean monthly values of rainfall and other Metrological elements (Temperature, Relative humidity, Atmospheric pressure, Sunshine, Evaporation, Gloudness). Frequency distribution of rainfall data were also calculated. The results indicate a simple negative trends in the Time Series of the mean monthly values of rainfall in all locations, The maximum mean annual value of rainfall were found in sinjar location which reach (389) mm. The maximum frequency of rainfall in Oct., Nov., Apr., May were in the range of (0-30) mm in all stations while Dec., Jan., Feb., March show the maximum frequency in the range of (30-60) mm.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Ten queries of different subjects were run over yahoo, Google, Msn and Hakia search engines. Second set of experiment comprise four phrases of the same meaning but different syntax were attached to each query and the combinations were run over Hakia search engine. Four thousand retrieved documents were classified as relevant, duplicate different source, non – relevant, duplicate same source and inaccessible documents. Calculation of relative precision of the two sets of data, show maximum relative precision for Hakia search engine followed by exchange places search engines of Yahoo and Google, where the lowest relevant precision is shown by Msn. For the second set of data, phrase “information about“ with query shown maximum relevant precision followed by phrase “what is“ where as phrase “description of“ and “definition“ show lowest relevant precision. Comparison of web document retrieval performance were accounted for in the discussion.
Abstract: ABSTRACT A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of amoxicillin was developed. The method is based on the proton transfer reaction with alizarin red sulphonate in aqueous neutral solution to form aviolet product showing a maximum absorbance at 530 nm with amolar absorptivity of 8090 l.mol-1.cm-1. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range (1-20) g.ml-1 with the accuracy (average recovery) 100.52% and the precision (RSD) less than 2%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulation as injection and the results were in good agreement with the standard addition procedure.
Abstract: Abstract: This study is concerned with the preparation of cold and boiled aqueous extracts from the fruits of both Phaseolus Vulgaris and Vigna Sinensis plants. Then isolating and studying the active proteinous compounds from these extracts using different biochemical techniques. Precipitation of the proteinous part from each extract was was a ccomplished by cold acetone precipitation method. Two compounds (A) and (B) had been isolated from gel filtration chromatography of cold and boiled acetone precipitate of these fruits of both plants. The comparative molecular weights of the isolated compounds were estimated using gel filtration and found to be ranged from 1887 to 33884 daltons for all the Phaseolus Vulgaris and Vigna Sinensis. The work also included studyingf the effect of intraperitoneal administration of these compounds (A) and (B) on certain blood biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol and total lipids) using a dose of 77 mg/Kg of body weight in normal and alloxan. induced diabetic mice. The results had been compared with those injected with insulin. The proteinous compounds (A) which had been separated from (cold and boiled) of each Phaseolus Vulgaris and Vigna Sinensis led to a decrease in the level of glucose diabetic mice and also all compounds (B) for both plants. Compound (A) from cold extract of Vigna Sinensis fruit is more reduced for the glucose level (67.1%) from the other compounds and it reached to a normal level in the alloxan –induced diabetic mice when compared with normal control group. However, proteinous compounds (A) (cold and boiled) which have been separated from each Phaseolus Vulgaris and Vigna Sinensis fruits and also the compound B (cold and boiled of Vigna Sinensis fruit) have been showed a significant decrease in the biochemical parameter (cholesterol and total lipids in the blood serum of diabetic mice). These compounds have revealed an effect similar to that of insulin, but the compound A (which was separated from cold aqueous extract of Vigna Sinensis fruit) gave a reduction effect for the total lipids level (46.83%) more than of that for insulin and the other proteinous compounds mentioned. In conclusion, the high molecular weight compounds might be used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus instead of insulin, furthermore it could be used it in the treatment of atherosclerosis after make sure there is no side effects.
Abstract: Abstract The project describes the influence of five different percentages of ethanol in a range between (10-50)% in a mixture of ethanol-water on the acidity of thirteen imines as derived from N-formyl-pipyridine. These five percentages of ethanol-water mixtures have a clear influence on the values of ionization constants pKa of imines. The plot between pKa versus the dielectric constant (D) of the medium for imines studied, shows a direct or an inverse linear plots. These variations in plots were interpreted in terms of solvation reaction for the ionization reactions of imines in the media stated previously.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The study included the determination of the antioxidants levels of acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia patients in Mosul city (Before and after taking vincristine (Chemical drug)). The investigated antioxidants were: glutathione (GSH), uric acid, ceruloplasmin (Cp.), vitamin E, vitamin C and malondialdehyde (MDA). Acute lymphocytic leukemia (29) and chronic myelocytic leukemia (31) and control group of the same age in each group (43) included in the research . The results showed that there were a significant decrease (P<0.0001) in (GSH, vitamin E and vitamin C) levels and a significant increase in the level of MDA, Uric acid and Cp. for acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia patients when compared with the control group. Moreover the (GSH, vitamin E and vitamin C) levels were increased significantly and the level of uric acid, Cp. and MDA decreased significantly (P<0.0001) in acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia patients as in comparison with its counter part before and after drug intake.
Abstract: ABSTRACT This research was conducted to study the inhibitory activity of Capparis spinosa extracts against some pathogenic bacteria. Extracts prepared in different concentrations (200,400,500)mg/ml and agar diffusion method was used to studying this activity, also the synergism effects between plant extract and some antibiotic was studied. Results indicates that Gram positive bacteria was resistant to plant extracts while Gram negative bacteria varied in their sensitivity depending on plant part and type of bacteria. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of plant's fruit appear to be most affective. As the concentration of plant extracts increase the activity of inhibition increase as well. In some cases plant extract activity was more effective than studied antibiotics and also result showed synergism effect between plant extract and antibiotics and some studied bacteria lost their resistance to antibiotics by this synergism phenomenon.
Abstract: Abstract The results of the present study revealed significant inhibitory effect of propolis extraction in organic solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and alcohol at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml in periods of 10, 15 and 20 minutes on the viability of the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus of sheep origin in vitro. The concentration of 15 mg/ml of alcohol extraction of propolis inhibited the viability of protoscoleces completely 100% in 20 minutes. In general, the effects of propolis extraction in these organic solvents increased proportionally with the increase in concentration and the period of exposure. Also, the compound quercetin had been separated and diagnosed in this study from alcoholic extraction of propolis for the first time.
Abstract: ABSTRACT The present study was designed to demonstrate the comparative anatomical, histological study of Uvea in the eyes of two cyprinid fresh water teleost fishs Garra rufa (first species) and Chondrostoma regius (second species). Which belong to family Cyprinidae Each species differ in light intensity, in that G. rufa bottom dwelling but C. regius approximately surface dwelling. The two species omnivorous in nutritional nature. The choroid in the two species, essentially similar in that it composed of connective tissue consist of fibers, melanocytes, sinusoid, blood vessels and nerves. On the other hand, variations appeared in the thickness and nature of these components, but the choroid was more developed in C. regius. The distinct structures in the choroids of the two species were tapetum lucidum and argenteum layer which were more developed in C. regius. On the other hand there were variations in chotoid components intraocularly for each species. The choroid gland appeared at both sides of optic nerve in the choroid, and more developed in C. regius. The most important result in this study was the appearance of choroid fissure and falciform process in the eye of G. ruffa only. The ciliary body disappear in both species, but its position called ciliary region which was distinct in the eye of both species. The ciliary region extended between the retina and iris which composed of two portions, the first one originated from the choroid and the other from the retina. The length of ciliary region differs between the two species as well as intraocularly. The iris showed a wide variations in the shape, thickness, length and nature of its components between the two species and intraocularly. The iris components have two origins. The first one from the choroid (iris stroma), the second from the retina which were the non pigmented ciliary cells and pigmented epithelium.We can conclude that the presence of tapetum lucidum ,argenteum layer,Choroid glands in the Choroid of both species indicate that they posses high visual acuity ,high resolution power and strong image contrast but G. ruffa have more visual power because the appearance of Chroid fissure and falciform process.
Abstract: Abstract The Present study investigated the effect of the polysaccharide extracted from the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae on immune response of white mice expermentaly infected with secondary hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Criteria taken into consideration included the changes in numbers, weights and diameters of the hydatid cysts and the percentage of their reduction, in addition, changes in weights of liver and spleen and their organ index. The changes in total and differential count of WBCs in peripheral blood of mice treated with polysaccharide in comparision with the positive control (mice infected with secondary hydatid disease and not treated with polysaccharide) and negative control (mice neither treated with polysaccharide, nor infected with hydatid disease), three month post infection, was studied. The results revealed a decrease in numbers, weights and diameters of hydatid cysts in mice treated with the polysaccharide in comparison with positive and negative control, supported by the reduction of cyst numbers in treated mice. A decrease in weights and organ index of the liver in treated mice compared with positive control, increase in the weights and organ index of spleen in treated mice compared with positive and negative control, An increase in total count of WBCs, Regarding the differential count of WBCs, an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes and decrease in the percentage of monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils in treated mice in comparision with positive and negative control, was observed, Basophils were neglected because of their rarity. It can be concluded that the polysaccharide extracted from K.pneumoniae can be used as an active and non toxic immunomodulator against infection with secondary hydatid disease in white mice.
Abstract: ABSTRACT In this work, the effect of iodine (I) impurities on the optical properties of (PS) thin films studied, which prepared by spin coating method on glass Substrates with thickness (40,50,60)µm at room temperature. In order to obtain the optical parameters, the transmittance and absorption spectra were recorded in the wave length rang(300-1000)nm, the optical measurements has shown that the transmittance is a function of wave length, and it is changing according to thickness of the film, at concentration 10% 0f (I) and values thickness (40,50,60)µm the measured transmittance values were (97.6%, 96.2%, 95) at waves length (660, 640, 620)nm consequently. Also the absorption coefficient (α), extinction coefficient (K˚), and reflectivity (R) as a function of photon energies for pure and doped samples for different thickness, were calculated. The results of optical measurements has shown also that the electronic transitions are indirect, the values of optical energy gap(Eg) decreases with the increasing doping concentrations of (I) for the one thickness taking the values (3.4, 3, 2.8, 1.9)ev for concentrations (0, 10%, 20%, 30%) respectively at thickness (50)µm.
Abstract: Abstract This research which includes (copper alloys formation and studying of their physical properties). It has been tested both the rotating fatigue & hardness including their two types (shore & Vickers) for four CZ121 brass alloy states. The first state represents the uncoated standard brass alloy. The second one represents the coated alloy by Nickel by electro deposition process directly for 20 min duration. The third case represents the coated alloy by nickel too but after removing the stress at 275 . The last state was quenched alloy by water after heating to 875 for 45 min duration. All experiments were tested at the stress ration (R= -1). The results of fatigue test clarified that the coated alloy by Nickel after removing stress at 275 , characterized that it is the longest life because the stresses were removed and the cracks on its surface were filled by electro deposition, which has high ability to contact adhesion. Then the second best results were presented by the direct coated alloy by Nickel within the same electro deposition state. The third state according to its performance was CZ121 standard alloy without any change. The last one was CZ121 after heating it to 875 then quenched by water. Concerning the results of hardness test (shore ,Vickers) they can be arranged from the best as follow: the alloy electro deposition by Nickel the direct coating CZ121 alloy, the alloy electro deposition by Nickel after removing stress at 275 , the next was the standard CZ121 alloy without any effect on it, the last one was quenched alloy by water after heating at 875 as respectively.
Abstract: Abstract This paper deals with the treatment of trend seasonality of time series by using the method of exponential smoothing, indeed the triple exponential method (Winter's Method) which includes two procedures of analysis, the first one is (multiplicative seasonal model) and second (additive seasonal model), we conclude the forecasting for future data for multiplicative model is better than additive model by using many criterions .MAD, MAPE, MSE.
Abstract: Abstract Iris recognition is regarded as the most reliable and accurate biometric identification system available. A biometric system provides automatic identification of an individual based on a unique feature or stable characteristic possessed by the individual. This research involves intelligent iris recognition system. For determination of the recognition performance of the iris, CASIA database of digital grayscale eye image was used. This database was then used to process the illumination which is the most important problem in iris recognition. (42) images for different irises used for training, obtained from CASIA, by extension (bmp), and (30) other snapshots for the same irises for testing because CASIA database provided more than one snapshot for each iris, the feature extraction implemented depended on extract the statistical values of (variance, standard deviation, skweness, kurtosis) and seven invariant moments for each image, the results of simulations of Elman artificial neural network that possessed dynamic memory which used as a tool to take decision, illustrate the effectiveness recognition in training 100% and in testing recognition accuracy = (93.33%). The software to perform iris recognition uses Matlab® (2010) development environment.